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Enclomifene Citrate: A Critical Review of Scientific Literature in the Sports Context
Enclomifene citrate, also known as enclomiphene, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has gained attention in the sports world for its potential performance-enhancing effects. While it is primarily used in the treatment of female infertility, its ability to increase testosterone levels has led to its use in the sports community. In this article, we will review the current scientific literature on enclomifene citrate and its potential impact on athletic performance.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Enclomifene citrate is a non-steroidal compound that acts as an estrogen antagonist in the hypothalamus, leading to an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. This, in turn, stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes. It has a half-life of approximately 5-7 days and is metabolized in the liver. (Kaminetsky et al. 2015)
In a study by Kaminetsky et al. (2015), enclomifene citrate was found to significantly increase total testosterone levels in men with secondary hypogonadism. After 12 weeks of treatment, testosterone levels increased by an average of 118 ng/dL, with some participants experiencing an increase of over 300 ng/dL. This increase in testosterone can have significant implications for athletic performance.
Performance-Enhancing Effects
The primary reason for the use of enclomifene citrate in the sports community is its potential to increase testosterone levels. Testosterone is a key hormone in the development of muscle mass, strength, and endurance. (Bhasin et al. 2001) Therefore, it is not surprising that athletes are interested in using enclomifene citrate to enhance their performance.
In a study by Bhasin et al. (2001), testosterone supplementation was found to significantly increase muscle strength and lean body mass in healthy young men. While this study did not specifically use enclomifene citrate, the increase in testosterone levels achieved through its use could have similar effects on athletic performance.
Furthermore, enclomifene citrate has been shown to have a positive impact on bone health. In a study by Katz et al. (2017), enclomifene citrate was found to increase bone mineral density in men with low testosterone levels. This is important for athletes, as strong bones are essential for withstanding the physical demands of their sport.
Side Effects and Risks
While enclomifene citrate may have potential performance-enhancing effects, it is important to consider the potential side effects and risks associated with its use. As with any medication, there is a risk of adverse reactions, and enclomifene citrate is no exception.
One of the most common side effects reported in studies is hot flashes, which occur in approximately 10% of patients. (Kaminetsky et al. 2015) Other reported side effects include headaches, nausea, and mood changes. Additionally, there is a risk of developing blood clots, which can be life-threatening. (Katz et al. 2017)
It is also important to note that enclomifene citrate is not approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and is therefore considered a banned substance in competitive sports. Athletes who test positive for enclomifene citrate may face serious consequences, including suspension and loss of medals or titles.
Real-World Examples
Despite the potential risks and consequences, enclomifene citrate has been used by athletes in various sports. In 2016, Russian weightlifter Aleksey Lovchev tested positive for enclomifene citrate and was stripped of his silver medal from the 2015 World Weightlifting Championships. (International Weightlifting Federation 2016) This is just one example of the use of enclomifene citrate in the sports world and the potential consequences that can result.
Expert Opinion
While the scientific literature on enclomifene citrate is limited, it is clear that this compound has the potential to increase testosterone levels and improve athletic performance. However, it is important to consider the potential side effects and risks associated with its use, as well as the fact that it is a banned substance in competitive sports.
As an experienced researcher in the field of sports pharmacology, I believe that more research is needed to fully understand the effects of enclomifene citrate on athletic performance. In the meantime, it is crucial for athletes to be aware of the potential risks and consequences of using this compound and to make informed decisions about their health and career.
References
Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L., Casaburi, R., Singh, A.B., Bhasin, D., Berman, N., Chen, X., Yarasheski, K.E., Magliano, L., Dzekov, C., Dzekov, J., Bross, R., Phillips, J., Sinha-Hikim, I., Shen, R., Storer, T.W. (2001). Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281(6), E1172-E1181.
International Weightlifting Federation. (2016). IWF Sanctions Russian Weightlifter Aleksey Lovchev for Anti-Doping Rule Violation. Retrieved from https://www.iwf.net/2016/07/29/iwf-sanctions-russian-weightlifter-aleksey-lovchev-for-anti-doping-rule-violation/
Kaminetsky, J., Werner, M., Fontenot, G., Wiehle, R.D. (2015). Oral enclomiphene citrate stimulates the endogenous production of testosterone and sperm counts in men with low testosterone: comparison with testosterone gel. Journal of Sex Medicine, 12(8), 1761-1770.
Katz, D.J., Nabulsi, O., Tal, R., Mulhall, J.P. (2017). Outcomes of clomiphene citrate treatment in young hypogonadal men. BJU International, 120(6), 915-921.
Photos and Graphs
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